18th century
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar.
History scholars sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution,[1][2] while the "long" eighteenth century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1689 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815[3] or even later.[4]
Events
1700s
1710s
1720s
1730s
1740s
1750s
1760s
1770s
1780s
1790s
Significant people
- Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician[5]
- Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
- Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
- Queen Anne, British monarch
- Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
- Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer
- Laura Bassi, Italian scientist, the first European female college teacher[5]
- George Berkeley, Irish empiricist philosopher
- Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher and reformer
- Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and physicist
- William Blake, English artist and poet
- François Boucher, French painter
- Edmund Burke, British statesman and philosopher
- Robert Burns, Scottish poet
- Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
- Catherine the Great, Russian Tsaritsa
- Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer
- Alexis Clairault, French mathematician
- James Cook, British navigator
- François Couperin, French composer
- Denis Diderot, French writer and philosopher
- Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist
- Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
- Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter
- Benjamin Franklin, American scientist and statesman
- Frederick the Great, Prussian monarch
- Thomas Gainsborough, English painter
- Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
- King George III, British monarch
- Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
- Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
- George Frideric Handel, German-English composer
- Alexander Hamilton, American statesman
- Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
- Eliza Haywood, English writer
- William Hogarth, English painter and engraver
- David Hume, Scottish philosopher
- Thomas Jefferson, American statesman
- Edward Jenner, English inventor of vaccination
- Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and scholar
- Samuel Johnson, British writer and literary critic
- Joseph II, Austrian Emperor
- Kangxi Emperor, China
- Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
- Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French writer
- Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and physicist
- Pierre Simon Laplace, French physicist and mathematician
- John Law, Scottish economist
- Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist
- Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist
- Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician
- Alphonsus Liguori, Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
- Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Swedish biologist
- Louis XV of France, French monarch
- Louis XVI of France, French monarch
- James Madison, American statesman
- Maria Theresa of Austria, Austrian Empress
- Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France
- Michikinikwa, Miami tribe chief and war leader
- Honoré Mirabeau French writer and politician
- Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, French thinker
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
- Nadir Shah, Persian King
- Thomas Paine, British intellectual
- Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great), Russian Tsar
- Pius VI, Roman Pope
- François-André Danican Philidor, French composer and chess master
- Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese Prime Minister
- Alexander Pope, British poet
- Qianlong Emperor, China
- Francis II Rákóczi, prince of Hungary and Transylvania, Revolutionary leader
- Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer
- Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Italian-born Russian architect
- Sir Joshua Reynolds, British painter
- Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher
- Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher
- Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer.
- Friedrich Schiller, German writer
- John Small, English cricketer
- Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher
- Laurence Sterne, British writer
- Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer
- Alexander Suvorov, Russian military leader
- Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
- Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist
- Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary leader
- Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary
- Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker and painter
- Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
- Voltaire, French writer and philosopher
- Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
- Robert Walpole, British Prime Minister
- George Washington, American general and first President of USA
- James Watt, Scottish scientist and inventor
- Antoine Watteau, French painter
- John Wesley, British churchman, founder of Methodism
- Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer and feminist
- William Pitt, British Prime Minister
- Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and artist
- Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop
See Founding Fathers of the United States
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Decades and years
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Citations
- [1] Anderson, M. S., Historians and the Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789, Oxford University Press, 1979, No. ISBN 0198225482.
- [2] Ribeiro, Aileen, Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (revised edition), Yale University Press, 2002, No. ISBN 0300091516.
- [3] Marshall, P. J. (Editor), The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire), Oxford University Press, USA, 2001, No. ISBN 0199246777., "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
- [4] O'Gorman, Frank, The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series), A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997, No. ISBN 0340567511.
- [5] Porter, Roy (Editor), The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century (The Cambridge History of Science), Cambridge University Press, 2003, No. ISBN 0521572436., "The Philosopher's Beard: Women and Gender in Science" by Londra Schiebinger, pages 184-210